Catalogus

Multi-proxy records of lipid biomarkers, pollen, mollusk and diatom assemblages for the MIS5-4 transition in the center of the southern North Sea are combined with seismic facies determinations. The Brown Bank Formation consists of multiple facies representing multiple depositional phases around the MIS5-4 transition, and provides insights into the cooling of the terrestrial and shallow marine environments. On land, the vegetation changed from boreal forests to more open, grassland vegetation, combined with an increase in soil erosion. At the same time the shallow marine environment of the southern North Sea experienced subarctic to arctic marine conditions with a high input of soil material. These continued cool marine conditions have not been described earlier for this region and show that sea level remained high and lagged local cooling, as inferred from lipid-biomarker palaeothermometry. Assuming that this lag between sea-level and temperature change is common during cooling events, it is a potential mechanism creating sediment preservation windows during the onset of glacial intervals in shallow marine environments. Preserved records like the one presented here are valuable because they capture both the unique changes in cold marine environments, as well as informative terrestrial signals that are rarely preserved onshore.