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| Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans Takahashi, T.; Sutherland, S.C.; Wanninkhof, R.; Sweeney, C.; Feely, R.A.; Chipman, D.W.; Hales, B.; Friederich, G.; Chavez, F.; Sabine, C.; Watson, A.; Bakker, D.C.E.; Schuster, U.; Metzl, N.; Yoshikawa-Inoue, H.; Ishii, M.; Midorikawa, T.; Nojiri, Y.; Kortzinger, A.; Steinhoff, T.; Hoppema, M.; Olafsson, J.; Arnarson, T.S.; Tilbrook, B.; Johannessen, T.; Olsen, A.; Bellerby, R.; Wong, C.S.; Delille, B.; Bates, N.R.; de Baar, H.J.W. (2009). Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans. Deep-Sea Res., Part 2, Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 56(8-10): 554-577. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009
In: Deep-Sea Research, Part II. Topical Studies in Oceanography. Pergamon: Oxford. ISSN 0967-0645; e-ISSN 1879-0100
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Seasonal changes in the surface water pCO2 and the sea-air pCO2 difference over four climatic zones in the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans are presented. Over the Southern Ocean seasonal ice zone, the seasonality is complex. Although it cannot be thoroughly documented due to the limited extent of observations, seasonal changes in pCO2 are approximated by using the data for under-ice waters during austral winter and those for the marginal ice and ice-free zones. The net air-sea CO2 flux is estimated using the sea-air pCO2 difference and the air-sea gas transfer rate that is parameterized as a function of (wind speed)2 with a scaling factor of 0.26. This is estimated by inverting the bomb 14C data using Ocean General Circulation models and the 1979-2005 NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2) wind speed data. The equatorial Pacific (14°N-14°S) is the major source for atmospheric CO2, emitting about +0.48 Pg-C y-1, and the temperate oceans between 14° and 50° in the both hemispheres are the major sink zones with an uptake flux of -0.70 Pg-C y-1 for the northern and -1.05 Pg-C y-1 for the southern zone. The high-latitude North Atlantic, including the Nordic Seas and portion of the Arctic Sea, is the most intense CO2 sink area on the basis of per unit area, with a mean of -2.5 tons-C month-1 km-2. This is due to the combination of the low pCO2 in seawater and high gas exchange rates. In the ice-free zone of the Southern Ocean (50°-62°S), the mean annual flux is small (-0.06 Pg-C y-1) because of a cancellation of the summer uptake v flux with the winter release Of CO2 caused by deepwater upwelling. The annual mean for the contemporary net v uptake flux over the global oceans is estimated to be -1.6+/-0.9 Pg-C y-1, which includes an undersampling correction to the direct estimate of -1.4+/-0.7 Pg-C y-1. Taking the pre-industrial steady-state ocean source of 0.4+/-0.2 Pg-C y-1 into account, the total ocean uptake flux including the anthropogenic CO2 is estimated to be -2.0+/- 1.0 Pg-C y-1 in 2000. |
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